My translated TwentyFifteen theme shows the following date format in the footer of a post:
Lipiec July 29th at 5:10pm
"Lipiec" is a Polish translation of July, so the template renders my translation from the languages.yaml file, as well as the standard date format.
I suspect the problem is in the following section of the blog.item.html.twig file:
<footer class="entry-footer">
<span class="posted-on">
<time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="{{ page.date|date(config.system.pages.dateformat.short) }}">{{ 'MONTHS_OF_THE_YEAR'|ta(page.date|date('n') - 1) }} {{ page.date|date(config.system.pages.dateformat.default) }}</time>
</span>
... but do not know Twig at all, so cannot say what's wrong.
It seems that this section renders a default date format if the short format is larger than some kind of a filter on MONTHS_OF_THE_YEAR? This does not make sense, so I am probably reading it in a wrong way.
Also, assuming it can be fixed easily... how do I put the updated class as inherited Twig code in a child theme? Do I copy the entire blog.item.html.twig file to the child theme folder, edit the problematic class and comment out the rest?